Heptamer motif investing

Functional analysis of the spacer sequence within the recombination signal. J Biol Chem. V D J recombination: a functional definition of the joining signals. Genes Dev. A comprehensive set of sequence analysis programs for the VAX. Nucleic Acids Res. Critical comparison of consensus methods for molecular sequences. Interpreting consensus sequences based on plurality rule. Math Biosci. Molecular analysis of V D J recombination. Annu Rev Genet. J Biomol Struct Dyn. Mouse kappa light-chain recombination signal sequences mediate recombination more frequently than do those of lambda light chain.

Identification and nucleotide sequence of a diversity DNA segment D of immunoglobulin heavy-chain genes. Identification of D segments of immunoglobulin heavy-chain genes and their rearrangement in T lymphocytes. Organization, structure, and assembly of immunoglobulin heavy chain diversity DNA segments.

J Exp Med. J Immunol. Evolution of a V kappa gene family. Structural differences in a single gene encoding the V kappa Ser group of light chains explain the existence of two mouse light-chain genetic markers. Somatic mutation of immunoglobulin light-chain variable-region genes. Variation in the crossover point of kappa immunoglobulin gene V-J recombination: evidence from a cryptic gene.

A kappa-immunoglobulin gene is formed by site-specific recombination without further somatic mutation. Multiple related immunoglobulin variable-region genes identified by cloning and sequence analysis. Somatic mutation creates diversity in the major group of mouse immunoglobulin kappa light chains. Evolution of a multigene family of V kappa germ line genes. EMBO J. Characterization of allelic V kappa-1 region genes in inbred strains of mice.

Non-random features of the repertoire expressed by the members of one V kappa gene family and of the V-J recombination. Eur J Immunol. Structural alterations in J regions of mouse immunoglobulin lambda genes are associated with differential gene expression. Genomic organization of the genes encoding mouse T-cell receptor alpha-chain. Diversity and structure of genes of the alpha family of mouse T-cell antigen receptor. Unusual organization and diversity of T-cell receptor alpha-chain genes.

Genomic organization and sequence of T-cell receptor beta-chain constant- and joining-region genes. Somatic recombination in a murine T-cell receptor gene. The structure, rearrangement and expression of D beta gene segments of the murine T-cell antigen receptor.

Structure, organization, and somatic rearrangement of T cell gamma genes. The adult T-cell receptor delta-chain is diverse and distinct from that of fetal thymocytes. Structure of the human immunoglobulin mu locus: characterization of embryonic and rearranged J and D genes.

Human immunoglobulin D segments encoded in tandem multigenic families. Organization of human immunoglobulin heavy chain diversity gene loci. Genetic basis for the cross-reactive idiotypes on the light chains of human IgM anti-IgG autoantibodies. Characterization of four homologous L chain variable region genes that are related to 6B6.

Organization and evolution of a gene cluster for human immunoglobulin variable regions of the kappa type. J Mol Biol. Human immunoglobulin variable region genes--DNA sequences of two V kappa genes and a pseudogene. Evolution of immunoglobulin V genes: evidence indicating that recently duplicated human V kappa sequences have diverged by gene conversion.

Immunoglobulin genes of different subgroups are interdigitated within the VK locus. Human lambda light chain locus: organization and DNA sequences of three genomic J regions. Structure and expression of the human immunoglobulin lambda genes. Organization and sequences of the variable, joining and constant region genes of the human T-cell receptor alpha-chain. The human T cell antigen receptor is encoded by variable, diversity, and joining gene segments that rearrange to generate a complete V gene.

Organization and sequences of the diversity, joining, and constant region genes of the human T-cell receptor beta chain. Sequence of the D beta 2-J beta 2 region of the human T-cell receptor beta-chain locus. Rearrangement of two distinct T-cell gamma-chain variable-region genes in human DNA.

Somatic hyperconversion diversifies the single Vh gene of the chicken with a high incidence in the D region. A single rearrangement event generates most of the chicken immunoglobulin light chain diversity. Structure of a germline rabbit immunoglobulin V kappa-region gene: implications for rabbit V kappa-J kappa recombination.

Immunoglobulin kappa light-chain diversity in rabbit is based on the 3' length heterogeneity of germ-line variable genes. Diverse organization of immunoglobulin VH gene loci in a primitive vertebrate. Diversity of the Ig and TCR primary repertoires is generated during the V D J recombination process, in which the variable V , diversity D , and joining J 1 gene segments are somatically assembled to form a complete variable region 1 , 2.

But even before this stage nonrandom gene usage occurs, due to differences in the frequency with which the different gene segments rearrange. One factor that could influence the frequency of rearrangement is the relative proximal or distal location of the gene segment on the locus, as exemplified in extreme in the human kappa locus, where the entire distal half of the locus is rarely used 18 — However, a major influence is likely to be variation in the efficiency of individual recombination signal sequences RSSs to promote rearrangement 21 — The recombination process requires the presence of RSSs flanking each gene segment 24 , Alterations in the RSS can be extremely deleterious for recombination.

Changes in the first three nucleotides of the heptamer have been shown to dramatically reduce the frequency of recombination, and changes in the other four positions have more varied effects 24 — However, changes in the sequence of the spacer are thought to be unimportant 24 , 26 , 27 , although two studies have suggested that this may not always be the case 28 , Most V, D, and J gene segments are flanked by RSSs containing some degree of polymorphism in their sequence, and consequently, variation from consensus in the heptamer and nonamer sequences and in spacer length could be a major factor affecting the representation of the gene segments in the primary repertoire.

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