Stratum protocol ethereum

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Long Polling: An Anti-Pattern Getwork came as an easy solution for building standalone miners do you remember when the official Bitcoin client was the only miner? And long polling pattern was the answer. Long polling is a great way to achieve real-time updates using standard web technologies.

But as I already mentioned in the text above, web technologies are not ideal for Bitcoin mining. Long polling uses separate connection to pool server, which leads to various issues on server side, like load balancing of connections between more backends. Load balancing using IP hashes or sticky HTTP sessions are just another workarounds for keeping all that stuff working.

Another problem consists of packet storms, coming from clients trying to reconnect to the server after long polling broadcasts. Sometimes it's hard to distinguish valid long polling reconnections from DDoS attacks. All this makes pool architecture more complicated and harder to maintain, which is reflected in less reliable pool service and has a real impact on miners. The solution for such issues is related to the previous point about driving load by the server and not by thousands of sometimes strangely implemented miners, who are aggressively trying to reach the server.

Now we know what's wrong in the current situation, so let's design a new protocol and don't repeat bad decisions again: Stratum Protocol I originally designed Stratum protocol for lightweight Bitcoin client called Electrum. Later I found out that protocol requirements are quite similar to requirements for bitcoin mining, so I decided to reuse it as-is. Don't be confused by an esoteric protocol name, I tried to stick to standards as much as possible.

That's all. There are good reasons for such solution: it is very easy to implement and very easy to debug, because both sides are talking in human-readable format. The protocol is unlike many other solutions easily extensible without messing up the backwards compatibility. So packing and unpacking of the message is really simple and convenient. But the biggest improvement from HTTP-based getwork is the fact, that server can drive the load by itself, it can send broadcast messages to miners at any time without any long-polling workarounds, load balancing issues and packet storms.

In contrary to current mining where only ntime and nonce can be iterated, Stratum mining protocol gives a power to miners to easily build unique coinbase transactions locally, so they'll be able to produce unique block headers locally. But it can be easily changed by the pool operator anytime. Now it is going to be a bit technical, so let's explain it a bit. Block header that string what is in getwork response and what miners are hashing is composed from following parts: Block version, nbits, hash of previous block in the blockchain and some padding bytes, which are constants.

Nonce and ntime, which miner can modify already. Merkle root hash, which is created by hashing of bitcoin transactions included in the particular mining job. To produce more unique block headers and thus be able to generate more unique hashes , we have to modify something.

Every bitcoin block contains so-called coinbase transaction which specify the bitcoin address for sending block reward. Fortunately there's a chance to modify this transaction without breaking anything. By changing coinbase transaction, merkle root will change and we will have unique block header to hash. Currently this creating unique coinbase happens on pool servers. So let's move it to miners! All bitcoin miners already have JSON libraries included.

JSON has native support in almost every language. In contrary of most binary protocol, JSON payload can be easily extended without breaking backward compatibility. The miner appends this after the first part of the transaction data and the two ExtraNonce values.

List of merkle branches. The generation transaction is hashed against the merkle branches to build the final merkle root. Bitcoin block version. Used in the block header. The encoded network difficulty. The current time. Clean Jobs. If true, miners should abort their current work and immediately use the new job.

If false, they can still use the current job, but should move to the new one after exhausting the current nonce range. The miner should begin enforcing the new difficulty on the next job received.

Opinion leased hashing power ethereum think

Rationale Ethereum does not have an official Stratum implementation yet. It officially supports only getWork which requires miners to constantly pool the work provider. The Stratum protocol on the other hand relies on a standard stateful TCP connection which allows two-way exchange of line-based messages. Unfortunately, in absence of a well defined standard, various flavours of Stratum have bloomed for Ethereum mining as a derivative work for different mining pools implementations.

Other messages which may or have to be exchanged among parties during a session are needed to support this basic concept. Stratum design flaws The main Stratum design flaw is the absence of a well defined standard. Moreover all implementations still suffer from an excessive verbosity for a chain with a very small block time like Ethereum.

A few numbers may help understand. A normal mining. And this can be an issue for large pools. All communications exist within the scope of a session. A session starts at the moment a client opens a TCP connection to the server till the moment either party do voluntary close the very same connection or it gets broken. Servers MAY support session resuming if this is initially negotiated on first session handshaking between the client and the server.

Client and server implementations MUST assume that once they read a LF character, the current message has been completely received and can be processed. Line messages are of three types : Requests : messages for which the issuer expects a response.

The receiver MUST reply back to any request individually Responses : solicited messages by a previous request. The responder MUST label the response with the same identifier of the originating request. Notifications : unsolicited messages for which the issuer is not interested nor is expecting a response.

Nevertheless a response eg. During a session both parties CAN exchange messages of the above depicted three types. When member is present, mandatorily in requests and responses, it MUST be valued to an integer Number ranging from 0 to The removal of other identifier types namely strings is due to the need to reduce the number of bytes transferred. JSON values arrays : although the JSON notation allows the insertion of different data types within the same array, this behavior is generally not accepted in coding languages.

In addition any hex number MUST be transferred only for their significant part i. In case of an array the parameters will be applied by their ordinal position. If the method requested for invocation on the receiver side does not require the application of additional parameters this member MUST NOT be present. For a detailed structure of the error member see below.

If no errors occurred by invoking the corresponding function, this member MUST be present even if one or more information are null. Namely the result member is not always required. For this reason responses, we reiterate, MUST BE of two types: success responses : no error occurred during the processing, the request was legit, syntactically correct, and the receiver had no issues processing it.

The latter deserves a better explanation: failure responses can be distinguished by a severity degree. Server authorizes the account but rejects worker name. Using proper error codes pools may properly inform miners of the condition of their requests. Error codes MUST honor this scheme: Error codes 2xx : request accepted and processed but some additional info in the error member may give hint Error codes 3xx : server could not process the request due to a lack of authorization by the client Error codes 4xx : server could not process the request due to syntactic problems method not found, missing params, wrong data types ecc.

Error codes 5xx : server could not process the request due to internal errors Notifications A notification message has the very same representation of a request with the only difference the id member MUST NOT be present.

This means the issuer is not interested nor expects any response to this message. For instance the receiver MAY decide to execute the method, or, in case of errors or methods not allowed, drop the connection thus closing the session. Error member As seen above a response MAY contain an error member. When present this member MUST be an Object with: mandatory member code : a Number which identifies the error occurred mandatory member message : a short human readable sentence describing the error occurred optional member data : a Structured or Primitive value that contains additional information about the error.

The value of this member is defined by the Server e. This means the client has to start a conversation by iteratively trying to connect via different protocol flavours. This proposal amends the situation making mandatory for the server to advertise itself to the client.

When a new client connects to the server, the server MUST send a mining. For this reason the duty of first advertisement is kept on client which will issue a mining. The port is included separately to parallel the client. In case the client is not capable of compression it MUST close the connection immediately. Should the server, after this reply, receive other messages as plain text, it MUST close the connection. Eventually the client will continue with mining. Session Handling - Bye Disconnection are not gracefully handled in Stratum.

A useful notification is mining. The issuer will close too. The explicit issuance of this notification implies the session gets abandoned so no session resuming will be possible even on server which support session-resuming. Session Handling - Session Subscription After receiving the response to mining. This cases may apply If session resuming is not supported result will hold a new session Id which MUST be a different value from the session member issued by client in previous mining.

The client MUST prepare for a new session discarding all previously cached values if any. A client which successfully subscribes and resumes session the session value in server response is identical to session value requested by client on mining. Long polling is a great way to achieve real-time updates using standard web technologies. But as I already mentioned in the text above, web technologies are not ideal for Bitcoin mining.

Long polling uses separate connection to pool server, which leads to various issues on server side, like load balancing of connections between more backends. Load balancing using IP hashes or sticky HTTP sessions are just another workarounds for keeping all that stuff working.

Another problem consists of packet storms, coming from clients trying to reconnect to the server after long polling broadcasts. Sometimes it's hard to distinguish valid long polling reconnections from DDoS attacks. All this makes pool architecture more complicated and harder to maintain, which is reflected in less reliable pool service and has a real impact on miners.

The solution for such issues is related to the previous point about driving load by the server and not by thousands of sometimes strangely implemented miners, who are aggressively trying to reach the server. Now we know what's wrong in the current situation, so let's design a new protocol and don't repeat bad decisions again: Stratum Protocol I originally designed Stratum protocol for lightweight Bitcoin client called Electrum.

Later I found out that protocol requirements are quite similar to requirements for bitcoin mining, so I decided to reuse it as-is. Don't be confused by an esoteric protocol name, I tried to stick to standards as much as possible. That's all. There are good reasons for such solution: it is very easy to implement and very easy to debug, because both sides are talking in human-readable format.

The protocol is unlike many other solutions easily extensible without messing up the backwards compatibility. So packing and unpacking of the message is really simple and convenient. But the biggest improvement from HTTP-based getwork is the fact, that server can drive the load by itself, it can send broadcast messages to miners at any time without any long-polling workarounds, load balancing issues and packet storms.

In contrary to current mining where only ntime and nonce can be iterated, Stratum mining protocol gives a power to miners to easily build unique coinbase transactions locally, so they'll be able to produce unique block headers locally. But it can be easily changed by the pool operator anytime. Now it is going to be a bit technical, so let's explain it a bit. Block header that string what is in getwork response and what miners are hashing is composed from following parts: Block version, nbits, hash of previous block in the blockchain and some padding bytes, which are constants.

Nonce and ntime, which miner can modify already. Merkle root hash, which is created by hashing of bitcoin transactions included in the particular mining job. To produce more unique block headers and thus be able to generate more unique hashes , we have to modify something.

Every bitcoin block contains so-called coinbase transaction which specify the bitcoin address for sending block reward. Fortunately there's a chance to modify this transaction without breaking anything. By changing coinbase transaction, merkle root will change and we will have unique block header to hash. Currently this creating unique coinbase happens on pool servers. So let's move it to miners!

All bitcoin miners already have JSON libraries included. JSON has native support in almost every language. In contrary of most binary protocol, JSON payload can be easily extended without breaking backward compatibility. We don't need to reinvent a wheel. Why I throw away other serializers: Custom text protocol is human readable and easy to debug, but not so easy to implement as it may look at first glance.