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The most notorious attack was the Portella della Ginestra massacre , when 11 people were killed and 33 wounded during May Day celebrations on May 1, The bloodbath was perpetrated by bandit Salvatore Giuliano , who was possibly backed by local Mafia bosses. Cuba , a major hub for drug smuggling, was taken over by Fidel Castro and associated communists. In American mafia boss Joseph Bonanno returned to Sicily to franchise his heroin operations to the Sicilian clans.

Anticipating rivalries for the lucrative American drug market, he negotiated the establishment of a Sicilian Mafia Commission to mediate disputes. Allied bombing in World War II had left more than 14, people homeless, and migrants were pouring in from the countryside, [85] so there was a huge demand for new homes. Much of this construction was subsidized by public money. Between and , about 80 percent of building permits were given to just five people, none of whom represented major construction firms; they were likely Mafia frontmen.

Many buildings were illegally constructed before the city's planning was finalized. Mafiosi scared off anyone who dared to question the illegal building. The result of this unregulated building was the demolition of many historic buildings and the erection of apartment blocks, many of which were not up to standard.

Mafia organizations entirely control the building sector in Palermo — the quarries where aggregates are mined, site clearance firms, cement plants, metal depots for the construction industry, wholesalers for sanitary fixtures, and so on. The cement business was appealing because it allows high levels of local economic involvement and is a good front for illegitimate operations.

The Sicilian Mafia has a long history of violent rivalries. In , mafia boss Cesare Manzella organized a drug shipment to the United States with the help of two Sicilian clans, the Grecos and the La Barberas. Manzella entrusted another boss, Calcedonio Di Pisa , to handle the heroin. When the shipment arrived in the United States, however, the American buyers claimed that some heroin was missing, and paid Di Pisa a commensurately lower sum. Di Pisa accused the Americans of defrauding him, while the La Barberas accused Di Pisa of embezzling the missing heroin.

In April , several bystanders were wounded during a shootout in Palermo. In June, six military officers and a policeman in Ciaculli were killed while trying to dispose of a car bomb. These incidents provoked national outrage and a crackdown in which nearly 2, arrests were made. Mafia activity fell as clans disbanded and mafiosi went into hiding. The Sicilian Mafia Commission was dissolved; it did not re-form until The most lucrative racket of the s was cigarette smuggling.

Heroin refineries operated by Corsican gangsters in Marseilles were shut down by French authorities, and morphine traffickers looked to Sicily. Starting in , Cosa Nostra set up heroin refineries around the island. Sicilian mafiosi moved to the United States to personally control distribution networks there, often at the expense of their U.

Heroin addiction in North America surged from the mids into the early s. Second Mafia War[ edit ] Salvatore Riina In the early s, Luciano Leggio was boss of the Corleonesi clan and a member of the Sicilian Mafia Commission , and he forged a coalition of mafia clans known as the Corleonesi with himself as its leader.

He initiated a campaign to dominate Cosa Nostra and its narcotics trade. Leggio was imprisoned in , so he acted through his deputy Salvatore Riina , to whom he eventually handed over control. The Corleonesi bribed cash-strapped Palermo clans into the fold, subverted members of other clans, and secretly recruited new members.

By manipulating the Mafia's rules and eliminating rivals, the Corleonesi came to completely dominate the commission. Riina used his power over the commission to replace the bosses of certain clans with hand-picked regents. At the same time that the Corleonesi waged their campaign to dominate Cosa Nostra, they also waged a campaign of murder against journalists, officials, and policemen who dared to cross them. The police were frustrated with the lack of help that they were receiving from witnesses and politicians.

At the funeral of a policeman murdered by mafiosi in , policemen insulted and spat at two attending politicians, and a fight broke out between them and military police. Their big break came with the arrest of Tommaso Buscetta , a mafioso who chose to turn informant in exchange for protection from the Corleonesi , who had already murdered many of his friends and relatives. Other mafiosi followed his example. Falcone and Borsellino compiled their testimonies and organized the Maxi Trial which lasted from February to December It was held in a bunker -courthouse specially built for the occasion, where mafiosi were put on trial, of which, were convicted.

In January , the Italian Supreme Court confirmed these convictions. In , they murdered a Palermo judge and his son; three years later, a prosecutor and an anti-mafia businessman were also murdered. Salvatore Lima , a close political ally of the Mafia, was murdered for failing to reverse the convictions as promised. This led to a public outcry and a massive government crackdown, resulting in the arrest of Salvatore Riina in January More and more informants emerged.

Many paid a high price for their cooperation, usually through the murder of relatives. For example, Francesco Marino Mannoia's mother, aunt, and sister were murdered. The Catholic Church openly condemned the Mafia, and two churches were bombed and an anti-Mafia priest shot dead in Rome.

He also halted the policy of murdering informants and their families, with a view instead to getting them to retract their testimonies and return to the fold. The tide of defectors was greatly stemmed. The Mafia preferred to initiate relatives of existing mafiosi, believing them to be less prone to defection. Provenzano was arrested in , after 43 years on the run. His successor as boss is Messina Denaro. He alleges that Cosa Nostra had direct contact in with representatives of Silvio Berlusconi who was then planning the birth of Forza Italia.

The Italian Parliament reinforced the provisions of the 41 bis, with the full support of Forza Italia. The bill was to expire in but has been prolonged for another four years and extended to other crimes such as terrorism. However, according to one of Italy's leading magazines L'Espresso , mafiosi have been released on an individual basis — one-fifth of those incarcerated under the 41 bis regime.

By the late s, the weakened Cosa Nostra had to yield most of the illegal drug trade to the 'Ndrangheta crime organization from Calabria. In , the 'Ndrangheta was estimated to control 80 percent of the cocaine imported to Europe. Altogether 37 people were arrested and over officers were deployed.

The Renzvillo mafia family have allegedly set up alliances with the 'Ndrangheta and Camorra. The leader is suspected of previously sending members of his organisation to Karlsruhe and Cologne in Germany. Some of the most common charges were mafia association, drug trafficking, extortion, fraud and vote buying.

Two companies running migrant reception centres in Sicily were targeted as protection rackets, overall 27 businesses were targeted and extorted. Investigators also alleged that the American Mafia in New York had set up a profitable food export company with the Sicilian mafia. The Cosa Nostra has traditionally been the most powerful group in Palermo.

Because from Sicily to the US, the old mafia has returned". Each of these claims sovereignty over a territory, usually a town or village or a neighborhood of a larger city, though without ever fully conquering and legitimizing its monopoly of violence. For many years, the power apparatuses of the single families were the sole ruling bodies within the two associations, and they have remained the real centers of power even after superordinate bodies were created in the Cosa Nostra beginning in the late s the Sicilian Mafia Commission.

In , mafioso informant Tommaso Buscetta explained to prosecutors the command structure of a typical clan. Under his command are groups decina of about ten " soldiers " soldati, operai, or picciotti. Each decina is led by a capodecina. The actual structure of any given clan can vary.

Despite the name decina, they do not necessarily have ten soldiers, but can have anything from five to thirty. Due to the small size of most Sicilian clans, the boss of a clan has intimate contact with all members and doesn't receive much in the way of privileges or rewards as he would in larger organizations such as the larger Five Families of New York.

The underboss is sometimes a family member, such as a son, who will take over the family if the boss is sick, killed, or imprisoned. The consigliere "counselor" of the clan is also elected on a yearly basis. One of his jobs is to supervise the actions of the boss and his immediate underlings, particularly in financial matters e. To fulfill this role, the consigliere must be impartial, devoid of conflict of interest and ambition.

These are people who work for or aid a clan or even multiple clans but are not treated as true members. These include corrupt officials and prospective mafiosi. An associate is considered by the mafiosi nothing more than a tool, someone that they can "use", or "nothing mixed with nil. Calogero Vizzini , Salvatore Riina , and Bernardo Provenzano were especially influential bosses who have each been described by the media and law enforcement as being the "boss of bosses" of their times.

While a powerful boss may exert great influence over his neighbors, the position does not formally exist, according to Mafia turncoats such as Buscetta. A candidate cannot be a relative of or have any close links with a lawman, such as a police officer or a judge. There is no strict age limit; men as young as sixteen have been initiated. The act of murder is to prove his sincerity i. To be part of the Mafia is highly desirable for many street criminals. Mafiosi receive a great deal of respect, for everyone knows that to offend a mafioso is to risk lethal retribution from him or his colleagues.

Mafiosi have an easier time getting away with crimes, negotiating deals, and demanding privileges. A full member also gains more freedom to participate in certain rackets which the Mafia controls particularly protection racketeering. Traditionally, only men can become mafiosi, though in recent times there have been reports of women assuming the responsibilities of imprisoned mafiosi relatives. The Mafia actually has rules designed to prevent nepotism. Membership and rank in the Mafia are not hereditary.

Most new bosses are not related to their predecessor. The Commission forbids relatives from holding positions in inter-clan bodies at the same time. They have an easier time entering, because the son bears his father's seal of approval and is familiar with the traditions and requirements of Cosa Nostra. A mafioso's legitimate occupation, if any, generally does not affect his prestige within Cosa Nostra.

Each province of Sicily has its own Commission. Clans are organized into districts Mandamenti of three or four geographically adjacent clans. Each district elects a representative capo mandamento to sit on its Provincial Commission. The power of the commissions is limited and clans are autonomous and independent. Rather, each Commission serves as a representative mechanism for consultation of independent clans who decide by consensus.

Their power is intentionally limited. And it would be entirely wrong to see in the Cosa Nostra a centrally managed, internationally active Mafia holding company," according to criminologist Letizia Paoli. When a boss dies or retires, his clan's reputation often crumbles with his departure.

This can cause clients to abandon the clan and turn to neighboring clans for protection. These clans would grow greatly in status and power relative to their rivals, potentially destabilizing the region and precipitating war. Alternatively, the commission has the power to appoint a regent for the clan until it can elect a new boss. In order to give the movement teeth and to protect himself from harm, Verro became a member of a Mafia group in Corleone, the Fratuzzi Little Brothers. In a memoir written many years later, he described the initiation ritual which he underwent in the spring of [I] was invited to take part in a secret meeting of the Fratuzzi.

I entered a mysterious room where there were many men armed with guns sitting around a table. In the center of the table there was a skull drawn on a piece of paper and a knife. In order to be admitted to the Fratuzzi, [I] had to undergo an initiation consisting of some trials of loyalty and the pricking of the lower lip with the tip of the knife: the blood from the wound soaked the skull. In , he was invited to a "banquet" at a country house. He was brought into a room where several mafiosi were sitting around a table upon which sat a pistol, a dagger, and a piece of paper bearing the image of a saint.

They questioned his commitment and his feelings regarding criminality and murder despite his already having a history of such acts. When he affirmed himself, Salvatore Riina , then the most powerful boss of Cosa Nostra, took a needle and pricked Brusca's finger. Brusca smeared his blood on the image of the saint, which he held in his cupped hands as Riina set it alight. As Brusca juggled the burning image in his hands, Riina said to him: "If you betray Cosa Nostra, your flesh will burn like this saint.

Sociologist Diego Gambetta points out that the Mafia, being a secretive criminal organization, cannot risk having its recruits sign application forms and written contracts which might be seized by the police. Thus they rely on the old-fashioned ritual ceremony. The elements of the ceremony are made deliberately specific, bizarre, and painful so that the event is both memorable and unambiguous, and the ceremony is witnessed by a number of senior mafiosi. The participants may not even care about what the symbols mean, and they may indeed have no intrinsic meaning.

The real point of the ritual is to leave no doubt about the mafioso's new status so that it cannot be denied or revoked on a whim. To ensure that this does not happen, a mafioso must never introduce himself to another mafioso whom he does not personally know, even if he knows the other through reputation. If he wants to establish a relationship, he must ask a third mafioso whom they both personally know to introduce them to each other in a face-to-face meeting.

This intermediary can vouch that neither of the two is an impostor. This tradition is upheld scrupulously, often to the detriment of efficient operation. For instance, when mafioso Indelicato Amedeo returned to Sicily following his initiation in the United States in the s, he could not announce his membership to his own mafioso father but had to wait for a mafioso from the United States who knew of his induction to come to Sicily and introduce the son to the father.

Ten Commandments[ edit ] In November , Sicilian police reported discovery of a list of "Ten Commandments" in the hideout of mafia boss Salvatore Lo Piccolo , thought to be guidelines on good, respectful, and honourable conduct for a mafioso.

There must be a third person to do it. Never look at the wives of friends. Never be seen with cops. Don't go to pubs and clubs. Always being available for Cosa Nostra is a duty - even if your wife is about to give birth. Appointments must absolutely be respected. When asked for any information, the answer must be the truth. Money cannot be appropriated if it belongs to others or to other families. People who can't be part of Cosa Nostra: anyone who has a close relative in the police, anyone with a two-timing relative in the family, anyone who behaves badly and doesn't hold to moral values.

Antonino Calderone recounted similar Commandments in his testimony: These rules are not to touch the women of other men of honour; not to steal from other men of honour or, in general, from anyone; not to exploit prostitution; not to kill other men of honour unless strictly necessary; to avoid passing information to the police; not to quarrel with other men of honour; to maintain proper behavior; to keep silent about Cosa Nostra around outsiders; to avoid under all circumstances introducing oneself to other men of honour.

In , Michele Cavataio was murdered because he had drawn a map on which he had written the names of all the Palermo mafiosi he knew and marked their territories. He showed this map in meetings with other senior mafiosi to explain how he thought the Palermo families should be re-organized as part of a peace settlement in the wake of a Mafia war. When Cavataio was murdered, his assassins searched his body for the map so that they could destroy it, but they didn't find it.

Since new members cannot sign membership contracts, the initiation of a new member is instead done in a ceremony with witnesses, and the initiate performs a specific series of bizarre actions so that there is no ambiguity as to what is being granted. The penalty for transgression is death, and relatives of the turncoat may also be murdered. Mafiosi generally do not associate with police aside perhaps from corrupting individual officers as necessary.

For instance, a mafioso will not call the police when he is a victim of a crime. He is expected to take care of the problem himself. To do otherwise would undermine his reputation as a capable protector of others see below , and his enemies may see him as weak and vulnerable. He was found, in pieces, in the trunk of a car on Bond St.

No head. It was probably somewhere in the Gowanus Canal, with all the others. After that, his entire family moved to California. Rules had to be followed. Maybe they were too near a church or school, or too close to the home of an important boss.

Fred sold drugs for the Mafia. A meeting was called. Fred left his house in a fancy suit. He wanted to make a good impression. At the meeting, he was relaxed by the other attendees. He got another warning, all very friendly. The meeting officially over, he changed into his sweat suit to make a meal for the boys. With the important business concluded, his clothes changed, and there no longer being the threat of him wearing a wire. They killed him as the pasta boiled.

This was basically an illegal lottery. The runner would collect the money from a bettor, and, ideally, turn it in, with the chosen numbers, to his boss. Oftentimes these numbers runners would hang onto the bets and never turn them in.

The odds were with them. It was a longshot bet. The runner would just pocket the bet with his bosses none the wiser. The problem was, sometimes the bettors did win. The baker — the runner who never turned the ticket in to the crime family — was on the hook to pay the winner. Nobody ever saw him again. His wife stood in front of their home screaming when he never came home from work. Did he flee the country?

Was his head floating in the Gowanus? No one knew, but the next day the closed bakery went up in flames. The authorities never determined who torched the bakery, but soon after, a local kid was given a new nickname. The Flame. Right near that bakery lived the fella who was dating the daughter of the local boss-of-bosses. She became pregnant. It was assumed and arranged that they would be married immediately. Many assumed he was permitted to live because he was still the father of the unborn child.

The two up-and-coming gangsters contracted for this particular job had earned their own new nicknames. The Surgeons. Then there was The Butcher. The Butcher was a family man, and neighborhood good-guy. He was a great husband and father who had served our country quite honorably in the armed forces. Then, just like that, he was laid off. All he knew was honest work, so he applied for a job at something called Meat Kingdom. It was a thriving local business, their management knew he was a top-notch butcher, so he got the job.

It was only then that he learned that Meat Kingdom was owned by a super-famous gangster and one who would soon be rubbed out in one of the most famous hits of all-time. The Butcher happened to be father to one of my best friends. That friend had a very realistic, and quite creepy-looking, rubber rat. One day, the Butcher — always one for a good laugh — brought the fake rat to work. He placed the creature in one of the meat lockers and waited to see how the prank would play out with his co-workers.

You could probably finish this story for me. The junior gangster, son of the big boss, and manager of the store, came upon the toy rodent. The young mobster screamed like a cheerleader, wet his pants, and almost backed into a working bandsaw as he rushed to escape.

The backfired prank actually had the butcher concerned for his safety, and the future of his family. No apology required. Interesting fact about that Butcher: though he was a regular guy, and law-abiding citizen, his own father had been a collector and enforcer for a well-connected Brooklyn loan shark. He remembered that his dad always carried a tire iron on his person, and never entered or exited his own apartment through the front door. He would use the fire escape of an adjoining building, then, walk across the rooftops, leading to the fire escape of his own apartment.

Agnes Seminary was located on Avenue R in Brooklyn. Grades K-8, girls only. My cousins attended in the early 70s. Two of their young friends happened to be the granddaughters of the biggest crime boss in New York.

A bit of a war broke out and there had been kidnapping threats against the two little girls. The police were never involved. Instead, the girls showed up at school each day with a parade of black cars. Word was that this permission was granted due to a sizeable donation. My cousins found it to be fun and exciting because the gangsters brought them along for a pizzeria lunch almost every day, and paid for the whole thing. Kids born into a mob family are different than those who aspire to be gangsters.

Those children of gangsters know nothing different. The outsiders trying to get in have made their own decision. A kid used to live next door to me. He was a decent kid, but not a friend of mine. Maybe he tried to act tougher than he was.

He hung with a bunch of wannabe gangsters a bit older than he and I. Petey had a younger sister who was a very sweet girl. I felt bad for her, always surrounded by those fools. One time Petey came around in a car with three of these goons. I was standing on a street corner with one other friend. They called me over to their vehicle. Freiberg was my landlord, and I lived in the basement. I told them I had no idea what they were talking about.

Not sure why I cared. Who the fuck are you to threaten me? Almost men vs. I said nothing and they drove off. My brothers, Ed and Kevin. Nothing ever came of that stolen marijuana situation. I assume Mrs. Freiberg just dug the shit up and threw it away. As for my neighbor Petey, a year or two later he was shot in the back of his head in Manhattan. I still feel bad for his little sister, wherever she may be. Sometimes our mobsters seem to have better international relationships than our government.

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