Central bank crypto currency values

As we increasingly pay digitally and shop online, we rely less on cash. Our wallets are gradually moving from our pockets to smartphones and other electronic devices. These changes have profound implications for the nature of money itself, raising the question of whether central banks should issue digital currencies for retail use. Today I will argue that in a digital world CBDCs are necessary to preserve the role of central bank money as a stabilising force at the heart of the payments system and to safeguard monetary sovereignty.

But CBDCs will need to be carefully designed. To be successful, they will need to add value for users, support competition rather than crowd out private innovation, and avoid risks to financial intermediation. Why we need central bank digital money Our monetary system is based on the complementarity of private money with public money — which is available for retail payments in the form of banknotes.

This is because central bank money is a risk-free form of money that is guaranteed by the State: by its strength, its credibility, its authority. Other types of money are liabilities of private issuers: their value is based on the soundness of the issuer and is underpinned by the promise of one-to-one convertibility with central bank money. The fact that we can do this tells us that our deposits are safe.

It reassures us that we will be able to convert them into risk-free central bank money in the future, too. Bank runs and financial crises start when confidence in the convertibility of private money evaporates. This would undermine confidence in the singleness of money and impair the functioning of the payments system. In times when various forms of private money coexisted in the absence of sovereign money — such as the free banking era of the 19th century — the notes issued by banks often traded at variable prices[ 5 ] and instability risks[ 6 ] required dominant banks and clearinghouses to act as quasi-central banks[ 7 ].

In other words, central banks would accept neither an outcome in which central bank money crowds out private initiative, nor an outcome in which central bank money is phased out by a market mechanism. Some have suggested that innovative private payment solutions such as stablecoins could, if properly regulated, make CBDCs superfluous. But this would be tantamount to outsourcing the provision of central bank money, which would endanger monetary sovereignty.

If a foreign CBDC were to be widely adopted, this could lead to digital currency substitution[ 16 ]. This risk would be higher for small countries with unstable currencies and weak fundamentals, especially if the CBDC were issued in a major economy. Just as the US dollar overtook the pound sterling as the leading reserve currency within only a decade of the end of the First World War,[ 19 ] digital innovation may give rise to powerful new foreign contenders, with disruptive consequences for those markets that are not prepared to face the digital challenge.

The widespread adoption of a foreign CBDC would increase the risk of financial transactions being based on technologies managed and supervised elsewhere, with limited oversight by domestic authorities. A system of this kind may not have sufficient safeguards against external threats, including cyber threats. It could put the confidential data of people, businesses, and states at greater risk of being misused.

And it could make the information needed to counter criminal activities harder to trace. The scenario I am describing is not one of science fiction. It is already the case in the market for crypto-assets, which are widely used for criminal activities. So the regulatory framework needs to be adjusted, and this will make a big difference. This is not an abstract benefit — it is the basis for financial and monetary stability, ensuring competition and efficiency in payment markets.

But a CBDC could generate even more benefits for users. It could improve the confidentiality of digital payments. The information contained in electronic transactions can be monetised by private companies[ 22 ], posing a threat to privacy. This risk is further compounded by big techs starting to offer financial services and by the rapid development of artificial intelligence. Data protection regulation aims to prevent misuse, but cannot always keep pace with technological innovation, as we have seen in past cases of data breaches and misuse by tech companies.

Potential users clearly want this: when we consulted the public on the topic, privacy was identified as the most important aspect of a digital euro. We are cooperating with the relevant European authorities on this issue. A digital euro would also increase choice and reduce costs, contributing to a level playing field in payments. Some estimates suggest that Europeans pay about 1.

In the United States, the costs are higher. However, the limited evidence available suggests that low-income households use digital payments less than high-income households. This is consistent with the hypothesis that digital payments remain expensive for many users. Our digital euro project comes with a commitment that all — including vulnerable population groups — will have access to safe public money in the digital era.

Designing a successful digital euro The fact that CBDCs are necessary to guarantee the smooth functioning of the payments market does not mean that their success should be taken for granted. Users may lack incentives to fully appreciate such benefit and — given the vast supply of private digital monies — could show limited interest in CBDCs.

We take both risks seriously. To avoid interfering with the functioning of the financial system, we are considering how to make the digital euro a convenient medium of exchange but not an attractive form of investment.

We are examining the pros and cons of introducing a quantitative cap on digital euro holdings[ 29 ] or a tiered remuneration that would disincentivise excessive holdings. To ensure that our digital currency would be a convenient means of payment, we are working to make it available within private payment solutions, so that people would be able to use it easily wherever they can pay digitally. We aim to level the playing field by allowing intermediaries — including small ones — to offer innovative solutions to their customers.

And we are considering how a digital euro could improve financial inclusion. We are interviewing focus groups to identify the characteristics of a digital euro that would add value for users. And we are working on the technical options to reconcile different objectives such as the right of individuals to confidentiality versus the public interest in guaranteeing the transparency required to counter illegal activities; or the benefits of allowing the digital euro to be widely used versus the need to safeguard financial intermediation.

We have launched several work streams: on the design choices that can guarantee confidentiality, on the prioritisation of different use cases,[ 31 ] and on the business options for intermediaries[ 32 ]. We will cover areas such as cyber security and operational resilience. We are interacting with all relevant stakeholders, from intermediaries to consumers, merchants and authorities. We are cooperating with the European Parliament, the European Commission and the finance ministers of the euro area countries.

To get technical advice and collect a broad range of views on possible solutions, we have set up a Market Advisory Group[ 33 ] and are regularly discussing the project with the Euro Retail Payments Board[ 34 ], academics and think tanks. Bearing in mind the international implications of CBDCs,[ 35 ] we are cooperating with other major central banks. In October we launched a two-year investigation phase to define the design features of the digital currency.

At the end of we could decide to start a realisation phase to develop and test the appropriate technical solutions and business arrangements necessary to provide a digital euro, which could take three years. Only thereafter will we decide whether to actually issue a digital euro.

Conclusion Let me conclude. Concurrently, multiple private, stabilized cryptocurrencies—commonly known as stablecoins—have emerged outside of statesponsored channels, as part of efforts designed to enhance liquidity and simplify settlement across the growing crypto ecosystem.

Although the endgame of this extensive activity that spans agile fintechs, deep-pocketed incumbents, and mostly government-appointed central banks remains far from certain, the potential for significant disruption of established financial processes is clear. The digital currency landscape The basic notion of a digital currency replacing the need for paper notes and coins as a means of exchange with computer-based money-like assets dates back more than a quarter of a century.

Early efforts at creating digital cash—such as DigiCash and e-gold —were issued by central agencies. The emergence of Bitcoin in dramatically altered this model in two important ways: by establishing a decentralized blockchain-based ledger for transaction execution and record keeping, and by creating a now widely traded currency outside the control of any sovereign monetary authority.

Thousands of similar decentralized cryptocurrencies now exist, collectively generating billions of dollars in global transaction volume every day. Stablecoins aim to address these shortcomings by pegging their value to a unit of underlying asset, often issued on faster blockchains, and backing the coins wholly or partially with state-issued tender such as the dollar, pound, or euro , highly liquid reserves like government treasuries , or commodities such as precious metals. Exhibit 1 We strive to provide individuals with disabilities equal access to our website.

If you would like information about this content we will be happy to work with you. Some efforts to create CBDCs have been born out of reservations about the impact of privately issued stablecoins on financial stability and traditional monetary policy, and with the goal of improving access to central bank money for private citizens, creating greater financial inclusion and reducing payments friction.

Exhibit 2 We strive to provide individuals with disabilities equal access to our website. Beyond addressing the challenge of greater financial inclusion, some governments view CBDCs as programmable money—vehicles for monetary and social policy that could restrict their use to basic necessities, specific locations, or defined periods of time.

Implementing such functionality will be a complex and multilayered undertaking. Meanwhile, central banks face the challenge of introducing a timely CBDC model at least on par with digital offerings of private-sector innovators in order to establish credibility with such efforts and achieve adoption.

While existing electronic payment systems are considered by some to be expensive, inefficient, and at times difficult to access, 3 3. Would you like to learn more about our Financial Services Practice? Potential future scenarios: Coexistence or primacy? It is too early to confidently forecast the trajectory and endgame for CBDCs and stablecoins, given the multitude of unresolved design factors still in play. For instance, will central banks focus first on retail or wholesale use cases, and emphasize domestic or cross-border applications?

And how rapidly will national agencies pursue regulation of stablecoins prior to issuing their own CBDCs? To begin to understand some of the potential scenarios, we need to appreciate the variety and applications of CBDCs and stablecoins. There is no single CBDC issuance model, but rather a continuum of approaches being piloted in various countries. One design aspect hinges on the entity holding CBDC accounts. For instance, the account-based model being implemented in the Eastern Caribbean involves consumers holding deposit accounts directly with the central bank.

The ECB approach under consideration involves licensed financial institutions each operating a permissioned node of the blockchain network as a conduit for distribution of a digital euro. In a potential fourth model popular within the crypto community but not yet fully trialed by central banks, fiat currency would be issued as anonymous fungible tokens true digital cash to protect the privacy of the user.

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